Antimicrobial peptides and methods of using same

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial peptides of general formula X 0 X 1 X 2 CX 3 X 4 X 5 CX 6 X 7 X 8 X 9 CYX 10 X 11 CX 12 X 13  are provided. Also provided are certain formulations containing these peptides and methods of using these peptides for treating skin infections in an animal in need thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/769,025 filed on Jun. 2, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,352,396, which is a National Stage of PCT Application PCT/US2018/064029 filed on Dec. 5, 2018, which is a non-provisional application of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/595,725 filed Dec. 7, 2017.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is in the field of antimicrobial peptides and uses of such peptides for treatment of infections.

BACKGROUND

Antibiotics are chemical substances having the capacity, in a dilute solution, to kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents to treat infectious diseases of humans, animals, and plants. The term was originally restricted to substances produced by microorganisms, but has been extended to include synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds of similar chemical activity.

Extensive and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs led to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms. These microorganisms are no longer susceptible to currently available antimicrobial drugs. In order to lower or prevent lethal infectious diseases and maintain public health, new antimicrobial agents are required.

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are an essential component of the host defense system of organisms throughout nature and offer protection from invading pathogens. They show potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. The smaller AMPs (usually about 15-40 amino acids) act largely by disrupting the structure or function of microbial cell membranes, they do not target single defined molecular structures. Therefore, as opposed to conventional antibiotics, they are effective regardless of the metabolic activity of bacteria. Human AMPs such as defensins and cathelicidin (LL-37) are present in leukocytes and secreted by various epithelia in skin and mucosal surfaces. In addition to their antimicrobial activity, AMPs are important effector molecules in inflammation, immune activation, and wound healing. AMPs are quite diverse in sequence and secondary structure, but share some common properties. They are usually cationic, amphipathic and exert their microbicidal effect by compromising the bacterial membrane integrity. Interaction of AMPs with the anionic membrane surface of the target microbes leads to membrane permeabilization, cell lysis and death.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In the first aspect, the invention provides an amino acid sequence of 17-22 amino acids long and comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (X₀X₁X₂CX₃X₄X₅CX₆X₇X₈X₉CYX₁₀X₁₁CX₁₂X₁₃) wherein X₀ is absent or proline; X₁ is lysine, arginine, glycine, or proline; X₂ is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or arginine; X₃ is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan; X₄ is arginine, tyrosine or phenylalanine; X₅ is valine or alanine; X₆ is tyrosine or arginine or lysine or tryptophan; X₇ is arginine, phenylalanine, or glycine; X₈ is arginine, phenylalanine or glycine; X₉ is isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or valine; X₁₀ is arginine or histidine; X₁₁ is arginine or lysine; X₁₂ is arginine, lysine, or asparagine; X₁₃ is a 0-4 amino-acid-long polypeptide; with provisos that if X₀ is proline, then X₁ is not proline; if said amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 13 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR), or SEQ ID NO: 28 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR) then X₁₃ is 1-4 amino acids long; if X₁₃ is 1 amino acid long or longer, then the N-terminal amino acid in X₁₃ is aspartic acid or glutamic acid; if the amino acid at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, then said glycine is not acyl- or palmitic acid—modified; if amino acid is X₁₁ lysine then X₆X₇X₈X₉ (SEQ ID NO: 14) is not RRRF (SEQ ID NO: 15); and if the amino acid is GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN (SEQ ID NO: 16) then the C-terminal asparagine is amidated.

In certain embodiments, X₀ is absent and X₆ is arginine or lysine; and/or X₇ is arginine or lysine; X₆X₇X₈X₉(SEQ ID NO: 14) is selected from the group consisting of YRGI (SEQ ID NO: 17), YRGV (SEQ ID NO: 18), YRGF (SEQ ID NO: 19); and/or X₁₀ is arginine; and/or X₃X₄X₅ (SEQ ID NO: 20) is FRV (SEQ ID NO: 21), WYV (SEQ ID NO: 22); and/or X₁₃ is 1 amino acid long or longer, and the N-terminal amino acid in X₁₃ is aspartic acid.

In a particular set of embodiments, the amino acid sequence is 17-21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (X₀X₁X₂CX₃X₄X₅CX₆X₇X₈X₉CYX₁₀X₁₁CX₁₂X₁₃) wherein X₀ is absent; X₁ is lysine, arginine or glycine; X₂ is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or arginine; X₃ is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan; X₄ is tyrosine or phenylalanine; X₅ is valine or alanine; X₆ is tyrosine or arginine; X₇ is arginine or glycine; X₈ is arginine, phenylalanine or glycine; X₉ is alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or valine; X₁₀ is arginine or histidine; X₁₁ is arginine or lysine X₁₂ is arginine, lysine, or asparagine; X₁₃ is a 0-4 amino-acid-long polypeptide.

In a another set of embodiments according to the first aspect, the amino acid sequence is 18-21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO: 1 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD) or a peptide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by one, two, three, or four amino acids, wherein the amino acids differing from the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 are independently selected from the group consisting of arginine or glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; phenylalanine or arginine at position corresponding to position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1; valine or tryptophan at position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 1; tyrosine at position corresponding to position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ ID NO: 1; glycine at position corresponding to position 9 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine, phenylalanine, or valine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; histidine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1; lysine at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1; asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

More specifically, the amino acid sequence comprises aspartic acid at position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or arginine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or both.

In a set of embodiments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences comprising, at the respective N-termini, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 (RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 3 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 4 (KFCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 5 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 6 (KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 7 (KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 8 (KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 9 (KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD), SQE ID NO: 10 (KWCFRVCYRGICYHRCRD), or SEQ ID NO: 11 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND).

In additional embodiments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 97 (KRCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 98 (KWCVRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 99 (KWCFFVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 100 (KWCFWVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 102 (KWCFRACYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 104 (KWCFRVCYFGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 105 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRN), SEQ ID NO: 106 (KWCWRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 107 (KWCFRVCWRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 108 (KWCFRVCYGGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 109 (KWCFRVCYRRICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 110 (KWCFRVCYRGYCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 112 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCKD), SEQ ID NO: 113 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCAD), SEQ ID NO: 114 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRR), SEQ ID NO: 115 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 116 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 117 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 32 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND).

In yet additional embodiments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, 31.

In the second aspect, the invention provides a multimer comprising a plurality of repeats of the amino acid sequence according to the previous aspect of the invention, wherein further, the N-terminal amino acid of said sequence is proline, and the C-terminal amino acid of said sequence is aspartic acid. Advantageously, the repeats of the amino acid sequence are joined each other directly, thereby forming D-P bonds. In certain embodiments, the plurality is between 2 and 20.

The invention also provides a method of making the amino acid sequence that is suitable for making the multimer as described in the second aspect of the invention. The method comprises synthesizing the multimer and contacting the multimer with a mild acid (e.g., formic acid) whereby D-P bonds are broken.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a method of treating infections in an animal in need thereof, comprising administering to the animal a formulation comprising the amino acid sequence according to the first aspect of the invention. In certain embodiments, the infection is a skin infection. In other embodiments, the infection is mastitis, a respiratory infection, an ear infection, urinary tract infection, or reproductive tract infection.

In certain embodiments, the animal is a companion animal, e.g., a dog, a cat, or a horse. In a particular embodiment, the animal is a dog. In certain embodiments, the formulation is formulated for a topical application. In some embodiments, the formulation is a gel, a cream, an emulsion, or a spray.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates toxicity of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 13 in human, beagle, and rat red blood cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

For a better understanding of the invention, the following non-limiting definitions are provided:

“About” or “approximately,” when used in connection with a measurable numerical variable, refers to the indicated value of the variable and to all values of the variable that are within the experimental error of the indicated value (e.g., within the 95% confidence interval for the mean) or within 10 percent of the indicated value, whichever is greater, unless about is used in reference to time intervals in weeks where “about 3 weeks,” is 17 to 25 days, and about 2 to about 4 weeks is 10 to 40 days.

“Emulsion” means a composition of two immiscible liquids in which small droplets of one liquid are suspended in a continuous phase of the other liquid.

“Parenteral administration” refers to the introduction of a substance, such as a vaccine, into a subject's body through or by way of a route that does not include the digestive tract.

“Parenteral administration” includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, transcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intraocular, and intravenous administration.

“Position [in a sequence of interest] corresponding to” a certain position of a reference sequence is determined by aligning the reference sequence and the sequence of interest in such a way that the cysteine residues of the sequence of interest and the reference sequence are matched to each other, and then determining the position in the sequence of interest that matcher the desired position in the reference sequence.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to substances, which are within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of subjects without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit-to-risk ratio, and effective for their intended use.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of the amino acid sequence and/or the formulation containing same that would induce a response in a subject receiving the amino acid or formulation which is adequate to prevent or reduce signs or symptoms of infection.

“Treating” refers to preventing a disorder, condition, or disease, including, without limitations, infections, to which such term applies, or to preventing or reducing one or more symptoms of such disorder, condition, or disease.

“Treatment” refers to the act of “treating” as defined above.

Peptides

Generally, the invention provides an amino acid sequence of 17-22 amino acids long and comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (X₀X₁X₂CX₃X₄X₅CX₆X₇X₈X₉CYX₁₀X₁₁CX₁₂X₁₃) wherein

-   -   X₀ is absent or proline;     -   X₁ is lysine, arginine, glycine, or proline;     -   X₂ is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or arginine;     -   X₃ is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan;     -   X₄ is arginine, tyrosine or phenylalanine;     -   X₅ is valine or alanine;     -   X₆ is tyrosine or arginine;     -   X₇ is arginine, phenylalanine, or glycine;     -   X₈ is arginine, phenylalanine or glycine;     -   X₉ is isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or valine;     -   X₁₀ is arginine or histidine;     -   X₁₁ is arginine or lysine;     -   X₁₂ is arginine, lysine, or asparagine;     -   X₁₃ is a 0-4 amino-acid-long polypeptide;         with provisos that if X₀ is proline, then X₁ is not proline; if         said amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 13         (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR), or SEQ ID NO: 28 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR) then         X₁₃ is 1-4 amino acids long; if X₁₃ is 1 amino acid long or         longer, then the N-terminal amino acid in X₁₃ is aspartic acid         or glutamic acid; if the amino acid at position corresponding to         position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, then said glycine is not         acyl- or palmitic acid—modified; if amino acid is X₁₁ lysine         then X₆X₇X₈X₉ (SEQ ID NO: 14) is not RRRF (SEQ ID NO: 15); and         if the amino acid is GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN (SQE ID NO: 16) then the         C-terminal asparagine is amidated.

In certain embodiments, X₀ is absent and X₆ is arginine or lysine; and/or X₇ is arginine or lysine; X₆X₇X₈X₉(SEQ ID NO: 14) is selected from the group consisting of YRGI (SEQ ID NO: 17), YRGV (SEQ ID NO: 18), YRGF (SEQ ID NO: 19); and/or X₁₀ is arginine; and/or X₃X₄X₅ (SEQ ID NO: 20) is FRV (SEQ ID NO: 21), WYV (SEQ ID NO: 22); and/or X₁₃ is 1 amino acid long or longer (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 amino acids long), and the N-terminal amino acid in X₁₃ is aspartic acid.

In a particular set of embodiments according to the first aspect, the amino acid sequence is 18-21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO: 1 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD) or a peptide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by one, two, three, or four amino acids, wherein the amino acids differing from the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 are independently selected from the group consisting of arginine or glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; phenylalanine or arginine at position corresponding to position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1; valine or tryptophan at position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 1; tyrosine at position corresponding to position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ ID NO: 1; glycine at position corresponding to position 9 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine, phenylalanine, or valine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; histidine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1; lysine at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1; asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In different embodiments, the amino acid sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by one, two, or three amino acids.

In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence comprises aspartic acid at position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or arginine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or both.

In a set of embodiments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences comprising, at the respective N-termini, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 (RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 3 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 4 (KFCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 5 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 6 (KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 7 (KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 8 (KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 9 (KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD), SQE ID NO: 10 (KWCFRVCYRGICYHRCRD), or SEQ ID NO: 11 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND).

Additional amino acid sequences may be found among SEQ ID NO: 97 (KRCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 98 (KWCVRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 99 (KWCFFVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 100 (KWCFWVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 101 (KWCFRVYCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 102 (KWCFRACYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 103 (KWCFRVCKRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 104 (KWCFRVCYFGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 105 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRN), SEQ ID NO: 106 (KWCWRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 107 (KWCFRVCWRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 108 (KWCFRVCYGGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 109 (KWCFRVCYRRICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 110 (KWCFRVCYRGYCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 111 (KWCFRVCYRGICRYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 112 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCKD), SEQ ID NO: 113 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCAD), SEQ ID NO: 114 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRR), SEQ ID NO: 115 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 116 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 117 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 32 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND).

Thus, the amino acid sequence may be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 97 (KRCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 98 (KWCVRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 99 (KWCFFVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 100 (KWCFWVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 102 (KWCFRACYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 104 (KWCFRVCYFGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 105 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRN), SEQ ID NO: 106 (KWCWRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 107 (KWCFRVCWRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 108 (KWCFRVCYGGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 109 (KWCFRVCYRRICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 110 (KWCFRVCYRGYCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 112 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCKD), SEQ ID NO: 113 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCAD), SEQ ID NO: 114 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRR), SEQ ID NO: 115 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 116 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 117 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 32 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND).

The peptides according to the invention can be manufactured by methods that are well-known in the art, including, without limitations, solid-phase peptide synthesis. The peptides may also be synthesized using bioengineering techniques (e.g., fermentation) in fungal, bacterial or eukaryotic systems.

In certain embodiments, where the N-terminal amino acid of the antimicrobial peptide is proline, and the C-terminal amino acid is aspartic acid, the method of manufacturing the anti-microbial peptide may entail synthesizing a multimer of the antimicrobial peptide. In different embodiments, the number of monomers in the multimer may be 1 to about 20, e.g., about 5, about 10, or about 15. Conveniently, the monomers of the antimicrobial peptide would be linked via a peptide bond between the C-terminal aspartic acid of an upstream monomer and the N-terminal proline of the downstream monomer (D-P bond). This D-P bond can conveniently be cleaved via mild acid (e.g., formic or citric acid) hydrolysis. Thus, a molecule encompassed by such description as, for example, (SEQ ID NO: 29)_(n) or (SEQ ID NO: 31)_(n), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 20, may be used in the compositions and methods of the invention.

Formulations

The peptides according to the embodiments above may be formulated for delivery to the target site (i.e., the site that is infected or the site that is in danger of being infected due to a wound, irritation, to the like). Without limitation, the sites include skin, eyes, ears, mammary gland, reproductive tract, urinary bladder, nasal and oral cavities. The composition comprising the peptides of the instant invention is formulated depending on the site of interest.

Also provided are compositions that can be prepared by mixing one or more antimicrobial peptides described herein, with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders, diluents or the like, to treat or ameliorate a variety of bacterial infections. A therapeutically effective dose or amount refers to that amount of one or more compounds described herein sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms of the infection. The pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention can be manufactured by methods well known in the art such as conventional granulating, mixing, dissolving, encapsulating, lyophilizing, or emulsifying processes, among others. The compositions can be in the form of, for example, granules, powders, tablets, capsule syrup, suppositories, injections, emulsions, elixirs, suspensions or solutions. The instant compositions can be formulated for various routes of administration, for example, by oral administration, by topical administration, by transmucosal administration, by rectal administration, or subcutaneous administration as well as intrathecal, intravenous, intramammary, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intraocular or intraventricular injection. The compound or compounds of the instant invention can also be administered in a local fashion, such as injection as a sustained release formulation. The following dosage forms are given by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the instant invention.

For oral, buccal, and sublingual administration, powders, suspensions, granules, tablets, pills, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets are acceptable as solid dosage forms. These can be prepared, for example, by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers thereof, with at least one additive or excipient such as a starch or other additive. Suitable additives or excipients are sucrose, lactose, cellulose sugar, mannitol, maltitol, dextran, sorbitol, starch, agar, alginates, chitins, chitosans, pectins, tragacanth gum, gum arabic, gelatins, collagens, casein, albumin, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers or glycerides, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Optionally, oral dosage forms can contain other ingredients to aid in administration, such as an inactive diluent, or lubricants such as magnesium stearate, or preservatives such as paraben or sorbic acid, or anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or cysteine, a disintegrating agent, binders, thickeners, buffers, sweeteners, flavoring agents or perfuming agents. Additionally, dyestuffs or pigments can be added for identification. Tablets and pills can be further treated with suitable coating materials known in the art.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, slurries and solutions, which can contain an inactive diluent, such as water. Pharmaceutical formulations can be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as, but not limited to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these. Pharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, can be added for oral or parenteral administration.

As noted above, suspensions can include oils. Such oils include peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, olive oil and mixtures of oils. Suspension preparation can also contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides. Suspension formulations can include alcohols, such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol. Ethers, such as but not limited to, poly (ethyleneglycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum; and water can also be used in suspension formulations.

For certain routes of administration, the pharmaceutical formulations can be a spray or aerosol containing and appropriate solvents and optionally other compounds such as, but not limited to, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. A propellant for an aerosol formulation can include compressed air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a hydrocarbon based low boiling solvent. The compound or compounds of the instant invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from a nebulizer or the like.

Injectable dosage forms generally include aqueous suspensions or oil suspensions which can be prepared using a suitable dispersant or wetting agent and a suspending agent. Injectable forms can be in solution phase or in the form of a suspension, which is prepared with a solvent or diluent. Acceptable solvents or vehicles include sterilized water, Ringer's solution, or an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Alternatively, sterile oils can be employed as solvents or suspending agents. Generally, the oil or fatty acid is non-volatile, including natural or synthetic oils, fatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides.

For injection, the pharmaceutical formulation can be a powder suitable for reconstitution with an appropriate solution as described above. Examples of these include freeze dried, rotary dried or spray dried powders, amorphous powders, granules, precipitates, or particulates. For injection, the formulations can optionally contain stabilizers, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. The compounds can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection such as by bolus injection or continuous infusion. A unit dosage form for injection can be in ampoules or in multi-dose containers.

For rectal administration, the pharmaceutical formulations can be in the form of a suppository, an ointment, an enema, a tablet or a cream for release of compound in the intestines, sigmoid flexure and/or rectum. Rectal suppositories are prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers of the compound, with acceptable vehicles, for example, cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol, which is present in a solid phase at normal storing temperatures, and present in a liquid phase at those temperatures suitable to release a drug inside the body, such as in the rectum. Oils can also be employed in the preparation of formulations of the soft gelatin type and suppositories. Water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, and glycerols can be employed in the preparation of suspension formulations which can also contain suspending agents such as pectins, carbomers, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose, as well as buffers and preservatives.

Besides those representative dosage forms described above, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carries are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the instant invention. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991).

The formulations of the invention can be designed to be short-acting, fast-releasing, long-acting, and sustained-releasing. Thus, the pharmaceutical formulations can also be formulated for controlled release or for slow release.

The instant compositions can also comprise, for example, micelles or liposomes, or some other encapsulated form, or can be administered in an extended release form to provide a prolonged storage and/or delivery effect. Therefore, the pharmaceutical formulations can be compressed into pellets or cylinders and implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneously as depot injections or as implants such as stents. Such implants can employ known materials such as silicones and biodegradable polymers.

The composition may also contain anti-pruritic medications, including, without limitations, oclatinib and salts thereof (e.g., APOQUEL® and anti-IL-31 antibodies (e.g., CYTOPOINT™).

The composition can also comprise a steroid or an anti-fungal medicine. Suitable steroids include, without limitations, Betamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone aceponate, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone acetate, and the like. Suitable anti-fungal medicines include, without limitations chlotrimazole, econazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole.

The compositions can contain, for example, from about 0.1% by weight, to about 90% or more by weight, of the antimicrobial peptide, depending on the method of administration. Where the compositions comprise dosage units, each unit can contain, for example, from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg per dose of the antimicrobial peptide. For example, one dose of the composition may contain about 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 3.5 mg, 4 mg, 4.5 mg, 5 mg, 5.5 mg, 6 mg, 6.5 mg, 7 mg, 7.5 mg, 8 mg, 8.5 mg, 9 mg, 9.5 mg. The composition may contain about 1 to about 5 mg of the antimicrobial peptide per dose, or about 1.5 to about 5 mg of the antimicrobial peptide per dose, or about 2.5 mg to about 7.5 mg per dose, or about 1.5 mg to about 2.5 mg per dose, depending on the severity of the wound and the size of the animal.

Methods

In yet another aspect, the invention also provides methods of treating or preventing a bacterial infection in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein to the subject. Suitable subjects that can be treated include dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, primates (e.g., rhesus monkeys and cynomolgus (also known as crab-eating or long-tailed) monkeys, marmosets, tamarinds, chimpanzees, macaques), rabbits, and rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like). In certain embodiment, the subject is a dog, and the antimicrobial peptide of the invention is delivered topically, intranasally, intraocularly, or intraaurally. The antimicrobial peptide may be delivered in a form of drops, spray, cream, gel, ointment and the like.

Infections that can be treated with the described compounds include external ear infections, infections of the middle ear, such as acute otitis media, infections of the cranial sinuses, eye infections, infections of the oral cavity, such as infections of the teeth, gums and mucosa, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections, gastrointestinal infections, gynecological infections, septicemia, bone and joint infections, skin and skin structure infections, burns, antibacterial prophylaxis of surgery, and antibacterial prophylaxis in immunosuppressed subjects, such as patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, or organ transplant patients. These infections can be treated in hospital or community settings via various routes of administration as described herein.

The compounds or compositions described herein can also be used prophylactically. Accordingly, one or more of the present compounds or compositions can be administered to a subject deemed to be at risk for developing a microbial infection. Subjects at risk for developing a microbial infection include individuals who have been exposed to a particular microorganism, such as a pathogenic bacterial species; individuals having a compromised immune system, or subjects that are particularly vulnerable to the infections due to compromised natural defenses (e.g., where the skin is compromised due to burns or cuts).

The antimicrobial peptides described herein can be used for the treatment or prevention of infectious disorders caused by a variety of bacterial organisms, including infections by pathogenic bacterial species. Non-limiting examples of bacterial infection include Gram positive and Gram negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Staphylococci, e.g., S. aureus; Enterococci, e.g., E. faecalis; Streptococci, e.g., S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae; Escherichia species, e.g., E. coli, including enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic and enteroaggregative E. coli strains; Propionibacterium strains, e.g., P. acnes; Haemophilus, e.g., H. influenza; Moraxella, e.g., M. catarrhalis. Other examples include Mycobacteria, e.g., M. tuberculosis, M. avian-intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. genavense, M. leprae, M. xenopi, M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum, M. malmoense, M. celatum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, M. szulgai, M. gordonae, M. haemophilum, M. fortuni and M. marinum; Corynebacteria, e.g., C. diphtheriae; Pseudomonas species, e.g., P. aeruginosa; Borrelia species, e.g., B. burgdorferi; Listeria species, e.g., L. monocytogenes; Bacillus species, e.g., B. cereus; Bordetella species, e.g., B. bronchiseptica; Klebsiella species, Clostridium species, e.g., C. perfringens, C. tetani; Chlamydia species, e.g., C. psittaci; Rickettsia species, e.g., R. rickettsii and R. prowazekii; Salmonella species, e.g., S. typhimurium; Yersinia species, e.g., Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis; Klebsiella species, e.g., K. pneumoniae; and Mycoplasma, e.g., M. pneumonia, Actinobacillus species, H. parasuis; and Trueperella pyogenes.

In certain aspects the bacteria are selected from Staphylococci, e.g, S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, S. schleiferi, S. chromogenes, S. simulans, S. xylosus. The bacteria may also be selected from Streptococci, e.g., S. uberis, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, S. suis. Further, the bacteria of family Pasteurellaceae are suitable for treatment with the compositions described herein. Suitable Pasteurellaceae bacteria include M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, Escherichia species, e.g., E. coli, and Klebsiella species.

In certain embodiments, the bacteria are S. pseudintermedius and/or P. aeruginosa.

The compositions described herein may be administered in different frequency regiments. For example, suitable regimens include 4 times daily to once every week, e.g., three times daily, twice daily, once daily, every two days, every three days, twice per week, every five days and so on. Similarly, the inventions described herein may be administered in different duration regimens, e.g., in a single administration, for two days, for three days, for four days, for a week, for two weeks, for a month, for six weeks, and so on. The duration, the frequency and the amount of the antimicrobial peptide per dose, as well as the species and the state of the wound and/or state of the infection, may be considered together in determining the proper dose-time-frequency regimen for administration of the antimicrobial compositions claimed herein.

The following examples are presented as illustrative embodiments, but should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Many changes, variations, modifications, and other uses and applications of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Antimicrobial Activity and Safety In Vitro

Peptides according to SEQ ID NOs as listed in Table 1 were prepared by a commercial manufacturer (CS Bio, Menlo Park, Calif.) using solid phase synthesis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by determining the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against S. aureus and E. coli. Briefly, Microbroth MICs were performed using CLSI methodology (VET01-S2). For S. aureus and E. coli ATCC strains, TSA with 5% lysed horse blood agar was used for overnight culturing at 37° C. ambient air. A 0.5 mM stock for each peptide was made with cell culture water, 0.01% acetic acid and serially diluted and spotted (10 μL) in a 96-well plate for in assay dose titration concentration of 50 μM to 0.05 μM. 0.5 McFarland Standard of each strain was diluted 1:250 in Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). 90 μL of culture suspension was then added upon drug in the 96-well plate for overnight incubation for 18-20 hours. The MIC was determined visually at the first well of no visible growth at the corresponding concentration.

The results of these experiments are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 S.aureus E.coli ATCC 29213 ATCC 25922 SEQ Structure μM μM SEQ ID NO: 23 KFCVYVCYRGICYRRCK  1.6  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 24 KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCR  1.6  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 1 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD  1.6  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 13 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR  3.1  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 91 GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN  3.1  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 92 RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR  3.1  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 93 RRWCFRVCYRGFCYRKCR  3.1  1.6 SEQ ID NO: 28 KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR  3.1  1.6 SEQ ID NO: 94 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN  3.1  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 25 KWCFRVCRRRFCYRRCR  3.1  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 26 GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN-NH2  3.1  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 27 GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN-NH2  3.1  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 95 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 33 PGFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 34 PFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 35 GFCWYVCRRRFCHRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 36 GVCVYVCRRRFCYRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 37 GVCVYVCRRRFCYRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 38 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN-NH2  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 39 PGFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCND  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 40 GFCWYVCRRRHCYRRCN  6.2  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 41 KFCVYVCRRRFCYRRCK  6.2  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 42 GHCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 43 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCS  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 44 *GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN-NH2  6.2  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 45 *GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN-NH2  6.2  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 16 GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN  6.25  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 46 GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN  6.25  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 47 KFCWRVCRRRFCRRRCN 12.5  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 48 GFCWYVCRRGFCYRRCN 12.5  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 49 KWCFRVCRNGVCYRRCR 12.5  0.2 SEQ ID NO: 50 GFCWYTCRRRFCYRRCN 12.5  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 51 GFCWYVCYRGFCHRRCN 25  6.2 SEQ ID NO: 52 GFCWYVCRRRFCHRRCN 25  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 53 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN 25 50 SEQ ID NO: 54 KFCWNVCRRRFCHRRCK 25  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 55 GFCWYVCRRGICYRRCN 25  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 56 GFCWYVCRRGICYRRCN 25  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 57 GFCWNVCRRRFCRRRCN 25  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 58 KFCVNVCYRGICHRRCK 25  0.2 SEQ ID NO: 59 KFCVNVCRRRFCHRRCK 25  0.8 SEQ ID NO: 60 KFCVNVCRRRFCRRRCK 25  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 61 GFCWYVCYRGFCYQQCN 25  6.2 SEQ ID NO: 62 GFCWYVCYRGFCYDDCN 25 50 SEQ ID NO: 63 GFCWYVCPKGYCYRRCN 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 64 GFCWYVCKNGFCYRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 65 RKGCKCKNGFCVCR-NH2 50  6.25 SEQ ID NO: 66 GFCWNVCRRRFCHRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 67 GFCWNVCRRRFCHRRCN 50  1.6 SEQ ID NO: 68 GFCWNVCYRGICHRRCN 50  1.6 SEQ ID NO: 69 KVCVNVCKQGICRKRCK 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 70 GCWYVCRNGVCYRRCN 50 25 SEQ ID NO: 71 GFCWYVCRNGVCYRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 72 GFCWNVCYRGFCHRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 73 GFCWYVCYRGFCYHHCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 74 NVCVVRCRRGFCNRRCK 50 12.5 SEQ ID NO: 75 KCVRVCRRRACRRRCK 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 76 KCVRVCRRGFCNRRCK 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 77 GFCWYVCKNGYCYRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 78 GFCWYVCRNGYCYRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 79 GFCWYVCRNGYCHRRCN 50  6.2 SEQ ID NO: 80 GFCWYVCYRGICHRRCN 50  1.6 SEQ ID NO: 81 KCVRVCRRGFCNRRCK 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 82 GFCRYVCYRGICRRRCN 50  6.2 SEQ ID NO: 83 KFCVNVCRNGICRRRCK 50  1.6 SEQ ID NO: 84 GVCVNVCRRRFCHRRCN 50  3.1 SEQ ID NO: 85 KKVCVNVCKQGICHKRCK 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 86 KKVCVNVCRQGICHRRCK 50 50 SEQ ID NO: 87 GFCRYVCRRGICRRRCN 50 12.5 SEQ ID NO: 88 KFCVNVCYRGICRRRCK 50  0.4 SEQ ID NO: 89 KCRRVCRRGFCYVVCN 50 25 SEQ ID NO: 90 GHCHHVCRRRHCHRRCN 50 50 *refers to N-acetylation **refers to N-palmitic acid modification

SEQ ID NO: 1 was selected for further research. Toxicity of SEQ ID NO: 1 to eukaryotic blood cells was compared to that of tachyplesin (SEQ ID NO: 13). A standard, well referenced red blood cell hemolysis assay was employed against multiple species to test the lysis potential of the peptides. Red blood cells (RBCs) were prepared and isolated by several centrifuge and wash steps to remove the plasma fraction. A dose titration (50 μM to 0.05 μM) of test peptides and control peptide melittin were spotted from 50 mM stocks in a 384 well plate. Prepared RBCs were incubated with peptide for one hour at 37° C. Percent hemolysis was measured by optical density at 405 nm and utilizing 1% TritonX100 as hundred percent effect (HPE) and phosphate buffer alone as zero percent effect (ZPE).

The inventors have surprisingly discovered that SEQ ID NO: 1 had not only improved anti-microbial activity but also decreased toxicity to red blood cells. The results of the experiments using human, beagle, and rat red blood cells are illustrated in FIG. 1 . Briefly, SEQ ID NO: 1 was 2-4 times less toxic to human, beagle or rat red blood cells than SEQ ID NO: 13. In mouse or bovine red blood cells, the differences were negligible.

Additional derivatives of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been synthesized by solid-phase synthesis as described above. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by determining MICs against S. aureus and E. coli, as described above. The results of these experiments are provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 S.aureus E.coli 2 ATCC 29213 ATCC 5922 SEQ ID Sequence μM μM SEQ ID NO: 3 GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD  6.2 3.1 SEQ ID NO: 4 KFCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD  3.1 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 5 KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD  6.2 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 2 RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD 12.5 0.8 SEQ ID NO: 6 KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD 12.5 3.1 SEQ ID NO: 96 KWCFRVCYGRICYRRCRD  3.1 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 7 KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD  6.2 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 8 KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD  3.1 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 9 KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD  6.2 3.1 SEQ ID NO: 10 KWCFRVCYRGICYHRCRD  6.2 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 11 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND  6.2 0.8 SEQ ID NO: 1 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD  3.1 0.8

Antimicrobial activity of the peptides listed in Table 2 against different strains of MSSP (Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) and MRSP (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) was further assessed. The results are in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

TABLE 3 MIC against selected strains of MSSP SEQ ID 49051 71990 72036 72191 76986 77378 78032 81923 84250 84658 86000 86001 3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 4 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 96 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 9 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 10 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 11 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

TABLE 4 MIC against selected strains of MRSP SEQ ID 71994 72035 72192 76923 79882 80729 81926 86002 87655 88493 3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 4 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 96 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 10 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 11 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Additional peptides were synthesized as described above. Antimicrobial properties of these peptides have been determined and are summarized below.

TABLE 5 Effect of selected antimicrobial sequences on strains of MSSP SEQ ID 71990 72036 72191 76986 77378 78032 81923 84250 84658 86000 86001 97 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 98 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 99 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 100 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 102 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 103 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 104 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 3.1 1.6 105 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 106 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 107 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 108 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 109 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 110 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 112 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 113 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 114 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 115 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 116 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 117 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 32 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 28 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 29 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 30 0.8 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 31 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

TABLE 6 Effect of Antimicrobial peptides on different bacteria. MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR Mr SA EC SP SEQ ID 71994 72035 72192 76923 79882 80279 81926 86002 87665 88493 29213 25922 49051 97 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.2 3.1 3.1 98 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 99 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 6.2 1.6 3.1 100 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 6.2 0.8 1.6 102 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 6.2 1.6 1.6 103 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 25 6.2 3.1 104 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 6.2 3.1 1.6 105 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 6.2 3.1 1.6 106 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 107 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 108 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 12.5 0.8 3.1 109 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 110 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.2 1.6 3.1 112 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 113 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 6.2 1.6 1.6 114 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.2 1.6 3.1 115 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 0.8 1.6 116 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 6.2 0.8 1.6 117 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 6.2 0.8 1.6 32 3.1 3.1 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 12.5 1.6 3.1 28 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 6.2 0.8 1.6 29 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 30 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 31 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 MR = MRSP, SA = S. aureus, EC = E. coli SP = S. pseudintermedius

Safety of the peptides listed in table 2 was determining by measuring cell viability. Canine-derived epithelial keratinocyte (CPEK) cells were propagated to determine cell viability in the presence of peptides. Cells were grown from a frozen stock in CnT-09-5 (with supplements) pre-warmed media in a T75 flask and incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Cells were washed with phosphate buffer and replenished with pre-warmed CnT-05-9 media and repeated for several days until cells reached a density of 6.6×10⁴ cells/mL. Cells were then transferred to a 384 well plate, allowed to settle and dosed with peptides and melittin control peptide (50 μM to 0.05 μM) and incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂. 0.1% TritonX100 as (HPE) and phosphate buffer alone as (ZPE) were added to the plates to calculate percent effect once the assay was terminated with 10 μL CELLTITER-GLO® assay reagents for a luminescent readout. The results are provided in Table 7.

TABLE 7 SEQ ID CPEK cRBC NO: (50 μM) (50 μM) 3 42.1 67.1 4 16.6 67.1 5 28.6 3.1 2 −1.7 64.0 6 4.1 1.1 96 51.9 101.4 7 11.3 84.1 8 24.6 30.2 9 52.3 101.3 10 31.5 101.1 11 22.0 57.8 1 21.5 20.5

Safety of the peptides listed in table 6 was determining by measuring cell viability as described above. The results are provided in Table 8.

TABLE 8 cRBC CPEK SEQ ID (50 μM) (50 μM) 97 31.2 12.9 98 35.0 9.3 99 100.0 19.9 100 100.0 29.5 102 23.9 −2.1 103 7.9 −0.5 104 100.6 6.0 105 97.9 8.6 106 101.5 25.2 107 101.8 26.3 108 27.7 9.6 109 99.8 19.2 110 46.3 10.7 112 61.0 14.2 113 86.3 15.7 114 97.9 11.9 115 94.6 5.1 116 87.0 16.0 117 97.8 14.7 32 98.3 9.1 28 94.4 19.4 29 68.2 17.5 30 63.5 17.0 31 43.5 11.0

These data demonstrate that the antimicrobial peptides of the instant invention are not only effective against the tested strains of bacteria but also safe, particularly for non-systemic, e.g., topical, administration.

All publications cited in the specification, both patent publications and non-patent publications, are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All these publications are herein fully incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims. 

1. An amino acid sequence of 17-22 amino acids long and comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (X₀X₁X₂CX₃X₄X₅CX₆X₇X₈X₉CYX₁₀X₁₁CX₁₂X₁₃) wherein X₀ is absent or proline X₁ is lysine, arginine, glycine, or proline; X₂ is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or arginine; X₃ is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan; X₄ is arginine, tyrosine or phenylalanine; X₅ is valine or alanine; X₆ is tyrosine, arginine, lysine or tryptophan; X₇ is arginine, phenylalanine, or glycine; X₈ is arginine or glycine; X₉ is isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or valine; X₁₀ is arginine or histidine; X₁₁ is arginine or lysine X₁₂ is arginine, lysine, alanine, or asparagine; X₁₃ is a 0-4 amino-acid-long polypeptide; with provisos that if X₀ is proline, then X₁ is not proline; if said amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 13 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR), or SEQ ID NO: 28 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR) then X₁₃ is 1-4 amino acids long; if X₁₃ is 1 amino acid long or longer, then the N-terminal amino acid in X₁₃ is asparagine, arginine, aspartic acid or glutamic acid; if the amino acid at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, then said glycine is not acyl- or palmitic acid—modified; if amino acid is X₁₁ lysine then X₆X₇X₈X₉ (SEQ ID NO: 14) is not RRRF (SEQ ID NO: 15); and if the amino acid is GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN (SEQ ID NO: 16) then the C-terminal asparagine is amidated.
 2. The amino acid sequence according to claim 1, wherein X₀ is proline.
 3. The amino acid sequence according to claim 1 or 2, wherein X₆ is arginine or tyrosine.
 4. The amino acid sequence according any one of claims 1-3, wherein X₇ is arginine or glycine.
 5. The amino acid sequence according to claim 4, wherein X₇ is arginine.
 6. The amino acid sequence according any one of claims 1-5 wherein X₉ is isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine, or valine.
 7. The amino acid sequence of claim 1, wherein X₉ is isoleucine.
 8. The amino acid sequence of any one of claims 1-7, wherein X₁ is lysine.
 9. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein X₁₂ is arginine, lysine, or asparagine.
 10. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein X₁₃ is 1 amino acid long or longer, and the N-terminal amino acid in X₁₃ is aspartic acid or glutamic acid.
 11. The amino acid sequence of any one of claims 1-10, wherein X₆X₇X₈X₉ (SEQ ID NO: 14) is selected from the group consisting of YRGI (SEQ ID NO: 17), YRGV (SEQ ID NO: 18), YRGF (SEQ ID NO: 19).
 12. The amino acid sequence of any one of claims 1-11, wherein X₁₀ is arginine.
 13. The amino acid sequence of any one of claims 1-12, wherein X₁₁ is arginine.
 14. The amino acid sequence of any one of claims 1-13, wherein X₃X₄X₅ (SEQ ID NO: 20) is FRV (SEQ ID NO: 21), WYV (SEQ ID NO: 22).
 15. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein X₁ is proline.
 16. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein the C-terminal amino acid of said sequence is aspartic acid.
 17. A multimer comprising a plurality of repeats of the amino acid sequence according to claim
 16. 18. The multimer of claim 17, wherein said repeats are joined to each other directly.
 19. The multimer of claim 17 or 18 wherein the plurality is between 2 and
 20. 20. A method of making the amino acid sequence according to claim 16, comprising: a) synthesizing a multimer according to any one of claims 17-19; and b) contacting said multimer with a mild acid thereby breaking D-P bonds.
 21. The amino acid sequence according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of KFCVYVCYRGICYRRCK (SEQ ID NO: 23), KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCR (SEQ ID NO: 24), KWCFRVCRRRFCYRRCR (SEQ ID NO: 25), GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 26), and GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 27), PKWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR (SEQ ID NO: 28); PKWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD (SEQ ID NO: 29); PWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR (SEQ ID NO: 30); PWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD (SEQ ID NO: 31).
 22. The amino acid sequence of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence is 18-21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO: 1 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD) or SEQ ID NO: 29 (PKWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD) or a peptide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 29 by one, two, three, or four amino acids, wherein the amino acids differing from the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 29 are independently selected from the group consisting of arginine or glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; phenylalanine or arginine at position corresponding to position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1; valine or tryptophan at position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 1; tyrosine at position corresponding to position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ ID NO: 1; glycine at position corresponding to position 9 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine, phenylalanine, or valine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; histidine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1; lysine at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1; asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1
 23. The amino acid sequence according to claim 22, comprising aspartic acid at position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 24. The amino acid sequence according any one of claims 22-23, comprising asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 25. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-24, comprising glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 26. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-25, comprising alanine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 27. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-26, wherein arginine is present at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or both.
 28. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-27, comprising arginine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 29. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-28, wherein said amino acid sequence is 18 amino acids long.
 30. The amino acid sequence of any one of claims 22-29, wherein the peptide differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by three, two, or one amino acid.
 31. The amino acid sequence according to claim 22 comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 (RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 3 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 4 (KFCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 5 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 6 (KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 7 (KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 8 (KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 9 (KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD), SQE ID NO: 10 (KWCFRVCYRGICYHRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 11 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND).
 32. The amino acid sequence according to claim 31 comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO:
 12. 33. The amino acid sequence according to claim 31 comprising SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO:
 8. 34. A method of treating skin infections in an animal in need thereof, comprising administering to the animal a formulation comprising the amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-16, 22-33.
 35. A method of treating skin infections in an animal in need thereof, comprising administering to the animal a formulation comprising the amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-33.
 36. The method of claim 34 or claim 35, wherein said formulation is administered topically.
 37. The method of any one of claims 33-36, wherein the animal is a dog.
 38. A method of treating mastitis in an animal in need thereof, comprising administering to the animal a formulation comprising the amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-16, 22-33.
 39. The method of claim 38 wherein said formulation is administered to the mammary gland of the animal.
 40. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein said animal is a female bovine, ovine, porcine, or caprine.
 41. A method of treating respiratory infection in an animal in need thereof, comprising administering to the animal a formulation comprising the amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-16, 22-33.
 42. The method of claim 41 wherein said animal is a bovine, an ovine, a porcine, a caprine, an equine, a feline or a canine animal.
 43. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 1-16, 22-33 for treatment of a medical condition in an animal.
 44. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 22-33 for treatment of a medical condition in an animal.
 45. The amino acid sequence according to claim 43 or 44, wherein the medical condition is a skin infection.
 46. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 43-45 wherein the animal is a dog.
 47. The amino acid sequence according to claim 43 or 44, wherein the medical condition is a respiratory infection or mastitis.
 48. The amino acid sequence according to any one of claims 45-47, formulated for a topical administration.
 49. The amino acid sequence according to claim 48, formulated into a cream, an ointment, a spray, or an emulsion. 